Creating a .pem File for SSL Certificate Installations
.pem SSL Creation Instructions
SSL .pem files (concatenated certificate container files), are frequently required for certificate installations when multiple certificates are being imported as one file.
This article contains multiple sets of instructions that walk through various .pem file creation scenarios.
Creating a .pem with the Entire SSL Certificate Trust Chain
Log into your DigiCert Management Console and download your Intermediate (DigiCertCA.crt), Root (TrustedRoot.crt), and Primary Certificates (your_domain_name.crt).
Open a text editor (such as wordpad) and paste the entire body of each certificate into one text file in the following order:
The Primary Certificate - your_domain_name.crt
The Intermediate Certificate - DigiCertCA.crt
The Root Certificate - TrustedRoot.crt
Make sure to include the beginning and end tags on each certificate. The result should look like this:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Primary SSL certificate: your_domain_name.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Intermediate certificate: DigiCertCA.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Root certificate: TrustedRoot.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Save the combined file as your_domain_name.pem. The .pem file is now ready to use.
Creating a .pem with the Server and Intermediate Certificates
Log into your DigiCert Management Console and download your Intermediate (DigiCertCA.crt) and Primary Certificates (your_domain_name.crt).
Open a text editor (such as wordpad) and paste the entire body of each certificate into one text file in the following order:
The Primary Certificate - your_domain_name.crt
The Intermediate Certificate - DigiCertCA.crt
Make sure to include the beginning and end tags on each certificate. The result should look like this:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Primary SSL certificate: your_domain_name.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Intermediate certificate: DigiCertCA.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Save the combined file as your_domain_name.pem. The .pem file is now ready to use.
Creating a .pem with the Private Key and Entire Trust Chain
Log into your DigiCert Management Console and download your Intermediate (DigiCertCA.crt) and Primary Certificates (your_domain_name.crt).
Open a text editor (such as wordpad) and paste the entire body of each certificate into one text file in the following order:
The Private Key - your_domain_name.key
The Primary Certificate - your_domain_name.crt
The Intermediate Certificate - DigiCertCA.crt
The Root Certificate - TrustedRoot.crt
Make sure to include the beginning and end tags on each certificate. The result should look like this:
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
(Your Private Key: your_domain_name.key)
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Primary SSL certificate: your_domain_name.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Intermediate certificate: DigiCertCA.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
(Your Root certificate: TrustedRoot.crt)
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Save the combined file as your_domain_name.pem. The .pem file is now ready to use.
1. Write a new destination for file
destination d_file_debug {
file{
"/tmp/file_location/file_name"
template("text1: ${prs.source} ; text2 : ${prs.natip} \n")
}
}
2. Update log area and add the new destination to the place where you suspect the problem is ..
This article explains how to password protect your directory via SSH
by creating an .htaccess and .htpasswd file. The following steps are
covered in this article.
Using the panel to password protect your site
The easiest way to password protect your site is to use the tool in the DreamHost panel. Navigate to the Htaccess/WebDAV page. You can then set up password protection there. No access to your .htaccess and .htpasswd files
However, please note that if you use the panel option, the .htaccess
and .htpasswd files will be owned by the server. This means you will not
be able to manually edit either of these files if you need
to. Additionally, these instructions will overwrite any existing
.htaccess file. Make sure to backup your existing .htaccess file before
beginning these steps.
If you only need to password protect your site and will need access
to your .htaccess and .htpasswd file at any time in the future, you
should use the instructions in this article instead to manually create
those files.
Create an .htpasswd file in the directory you wish to password protect using the the htpasswd utility. For the first user, say user1, run the following:
Enter the password for the user. This creates a password for a user
named 'user1'. The code in your .htpasswd file will show the encrypted
password like this:
user1:$apr1$bkS4zPQl$SyGLA9oP75L5uM5GHpe9A2
Run it again (without the -c option) for any other users you wish to allow access to your directory.
Make sure to add this .htaccess file in the directory you wish to
password protect. For example, if you are password protecting your
entire site, it would go in your site's main directory:
example.com
If you're password protecting a subdirectory, it would go into that subdirectory.
example.com/members
[server]$ nano .htaccess
Code examples to add to the .htaccess file
Protect an entire directory
This example password protects an entire website directory. Make sure
to change the lines in bold to your actual file path while changing to
your username and domain name.
Due to how WordPress routes all page requests, attempting to access a
password protected subdirectory will throw a 404 Not Found error. To
resolve this, you must an extra line to the .htaccess file to reference ErrorDocument.
This example protects a subdirectory named 'members'.
By default, the login prompt you see is not encrypted. This means
your password will be sent as plain text over http. In order to encrypt
this login, you must add an SSL certificate to your domain. Once added, add the code below to force SSL when logging in.
This method prevents submission of an .htaccess password prompt on an
unencrypted connection. If you wish to ensure that your server is only
serving documents over an encrypted SSL channel, then you must use the
SSLRequireSSL directive with the +StrictRequire Option enabled:
Step 1 — Adding code to your .htaccess file
Make sure the URL you enter next to SSLRequire is your site's base URL. Do not include 'www' in front of the URL if you're forcing 'www' to be removed in your panel.
If you're securing a subdirectory such as 'example.com/blog', this URL would still be 'example.com'.
Additionally, you can use any file you like for your 403 document.
Below it is shown as 'error_redirect.php'. Change this to your chosen
file.
If you only want to protect a single subdirectory and not the whole
site, specify the subdirectory in your .htaccess file as shown in the
following code:
Now that your .htaccess will redirect to your error page, you must
put some code into this error page to correctly redirect back to your
secure login. Add the following PHP code.
If you now try to log in, you''ll see both the URL and login prompt change to https://example.com.
Issue with renewing a 'Let's Encrypt' certificate
The code may cause a 'Let's Encrypt'
certificate to not renew properly. If you have added a 'Let's Encrypt'
certificate to your domain, make sure to disable the code below in your
.htaccess file when your certificate is about to renew. Once renewed,
you can re-enable the code below.
1. attach the old volume to new instance in console
2. in new instance, mount the the old volume to a folder ..
If you can not mount your XFS partition with
classical wrong fs type, bad superblock etc. error and you see a message
in kernel logs (dmesg) like that:
XFS: Filesystem sdb7 has duplicate UUID - can't mount
you can still mount the filesystem with nouuid options as below:
mount -o nouuid /dev/sdb7 disk-7
But every mount, you have to provide nouuid option. So, for exact solution you have to generate a new UUID for this partition with xfs_admin utility:
xfs_admin -U generate /dev/sdb7
Clearing log and setting UUID
writing all SBs
new UUID = 01fbb5f2-1ee0-4cce-94fc-024efb3cd3a4
after that, you can mount this XFS partition regularly.
This article will walk you through installing a Certificate in Nginx.
If this is not the solution you are looking for, please search for your
solution in the search bar above.
Guidelines
You can watch the video below for a tutotial.
Or, you can check the step by step guidelines below.
To install a certificate in Nginx, a `Certificate Bundle` must be
created. To accomplish this, each certificate (SSL Cert, Intermediate
Cert, and Root Cert) must be in the PEM format.
Open each certificate in a plain text editor.
Create a new document in a plain text editor.
Copy and paste the contents of each certificate into the new file.
The order should be:
Upload the Certificate Bundle & private key to a directory on the Nginx server.
Edit the Nginx virtual hosts file.
Open the Nginx virtual host file for the website you are securing.
If you need your site to be accessible through both secure (https) and
non-secure (http) connections, you will need a server module for each
type of connection.
Make a copy of the existing non-secure server module and paste it below the original.
Add the lines shown below:
Very Important – Make sure you adjust the file names to match your certificate files:
ssl_certificate should be your primary certificate combined with the
root & intermediate certificate bundle that you made in the
previous step (e.g. your_domain.crt).
ssl_certificate_key should be the key file generated when you created the CSR.
Sed Command Examples
file.txt
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
unixlinux which one you choose.
1. Replacing or substituting string
Sed command is mostly used to replace the text in a file. The below simple sed command replaces the word "unix" with "linux" in the file.
>sed 's/unix/linux/' file.txt
Here the "s" specifies the substitution operation. The "/" are delimiters. The "unix" is the search pattern and the "linux" is the replacement string.
By default, the sed command replaces the first occurrence of the pattern in each line and it won't replace the second, third...occurrence in the line.
2. Replacing the nth occurrence of a pattern in a line.
Use the /1, /2 etc flags to replace the first, second occurrence of a pattern in a line. The below command replaces the second occurrence of the word "unix" with "linux" in a line.
>sed 's/unix/linux/2' file.txt
3. Replacing all the occurrence of the pattern in a line.
The substitute flag /g (global replacement) specifies the sed command to replace all the occurrences of the string in the line.
>sed 's/unix/linux/g' file.txt
4. Replacing from nth occurrence to all occurrences in a line.
Use the combination of /1, /2 etc and /g to replace all the patterns from the nth occurrence of a pattern in a line. The following sed command replaces the third, fourth, fifth... "unix" word with "linux" word in a line.
>sed 's/unix/linux/3g' file.txt
5. Changing the slash (/) delimiter
You can use any delimiter other than the slash. As an example if you want to change the web url to another url as
>sed 's/http:\/\//www/' file.txt
In this case the url consists the delimiter character which we used. In that case you have to escape the slash with backslash character, otherwise the substitution won't work.
Using too many backslashes makes the sed command look awkward. In this case we can change the delimiter to another character as shown in the below example.
>sed 's_http://_www_' file.txt
>sed 's|http://|www|' file.txt
6. Using & as the matched string
There might be cases where you want to search for the pattern and replace that pattern by adding some extra characters to it. In such cases & comes in handy. The & represents the matched string.
>sed 's/unix/{&}/' file.txt
{unix} is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
{unix}linux which one you choose.
>sed 's/unix/{&&}/' file.txt
7. Using \1,\2 and so on to \9
The first pair of parenthesis specified in the pattern represents the \1, the second represents the \2 and so on. The \1,\2 can be used in the replacement string to make changes to the source string. As an example, if you want to replace the word "unix" in a line with twice as the word like "unixunix" use the sed command as below.
>sed 's/\(unix\)/\1\1/' file.txt
The parenthesis needs to be escaped with the backslash character. Another example is if you want to switch the words "unixlinux" as "linuxunix", the sed command is
>sed 's/\(unix\)\(linux\)/\2\1/' file.txt
Another example is switching the first three characters in a line
>sed 's/^\(.\)\(.\)\(.\)/\3\2\1/' file.txt
8. Duplicating the replaced line with /p flag
The /p print flag prints the replaced line twice on the terminal. If a line does not have the search pattern and is not replaced, then the /p prints that line only once.
>sed 's/unix/linux/p' file.txt
9. Printing only the replaced lines
Use the -n option along with the /p print flag to display only the replaced lines. Here the -n option suppresses the duplicate rows generated by the /p flag and prints the replaced lines only one time.
>sed -n 's/unix/linux/p' file.txt
If you use -n alone without /p, then the sed does not print anything.
10. Running multiple sed commands.
You can run multiple sed commands by piping the output of one sed command as input to another sed command.
>sed 's/unix/linux/' file.txt| sed 's/os/system/'
Sed provides -e option to run multiple sed commands in a single sed command. The above output can be achieved in a single sed command as shown below.
>sed -e 's/unix/linux/' -e 's/os/system/' file.txt
11. Replacing string on a specific line number.
You can restrict the sed command to replace the string on a specific line number. An example is
>sed '3 s/unix/linux/' file.txt
The above sed command replaces the string only on the third line.
12. Replacing string on a range of lines.
You can specify a range of line numbers to the sed command for replacing a string.
>sed '1,3 s/unix/linux/' file.txt
Here the sed command replaces the lines with range from 1 to 3. Another example is
>sed '2,$ s/unix/linux/' file.txt
Here $ indicates the last line in the file. So the sed command replaces the text from second line to last line in the file.
13. Replace on a lines which matches a pattern.
You can specify a pattern to the sed command to match in a line. If the pattern match occurs, then only the sed command looks for the string to be replaced and if it finds, then the sed command replaces the string.
>sed '/linux/ s/unix/centos/' file.txt
Here the sed command first looks for the lines which has the pattern "linux" and then replaces the word "unix" with "centos".
14. Deleting lines.
You can delete the lines a file by specifying the line number or a range or numbers.
>sed '2 d' file.txt
>sed '5,$ d' file.txt
15. Duplicating lines
You can make the sed command to print each line of a file two times.
>sed 'p' file.txt
16. Sed as grep command
You can make sed command to work as similar to grep command.
>grep 'unix' file.txt
>sed -n '/unix/ p' file.txt
Here the sed command looks for the pattern "unix" in each line of a file and prints those lines that has the pattern.
You can also make the sed command to work as grep -v, just by using the reversing the sed with NOT (!).
>grep -v 'unix' file.txt
>sed -n '/unix/ !p' file.txt
The ! here inverts the pattern match.
17. Add a line after a match.
The sed command can add a new line after a pattern match is found. The "a" command to sed tells it to add a new line after a match is found.
>sed '/unix/ a "Add a new line"' file.txt
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
"Add a new line"
learn operating system.
unixlinux which one you choose.
"Add a new line"
18. Add a line before a match
The sed command can add a new line before a pattern match is found. The "i" command to sed tells it to add a new line before a match is found.
>sed '/unix/ i "Add a new line"' file.txt
"Add a new line"
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
"Add a new line"
unixlinux which one you choose.
19. Change a line
The sed command can be used to replace an entire line with a new line. The "c" command to sed tells it to change the line.
>sed '/unix/ c "Change line"' file.txt
"Change line"
learn operating system.
"Change line"
20. Transform like tr command
The sed command can be used to convert the lower case letters to upper case letters by using the transform "y" option.
>sed 'y/ul/UL/' file.txt
Unix is great os. Unix is opensoUrce. Unix is free os.
Learn operating system.
UnixLinUx which one yoU choose.
Here the sed command transforms the alphabets "ul" into their uppercase format "UL"
How to Install WordPress in a Subdirectory (Step by Step)
Do you want to
install WordPress in a subdirectory? Installing WordPress in a
subdirectory allows you to run multiple WordPress instances under the
same domain or even a subdomain name. In this article, we will show you
how to install WordPress in a subdirectory without affecting the parent
domain name.
Subdomain vs Subdirectory? Which One is Better for SEO?
Normally, you would want to start a WordPress website
on its own domain name (for example, wpbeginner.com). However,
sometimes you may want to create additional websites on the same domain
name.
This can be done by either installing WordPress in a subdomain (http://newebsite.example.com) or as a subdirectory (http://example.com/newwebsite/).
One question that we get asked is which one is better for SEO?
Search engines treat subdomains differently from root domain names and assign them rankings as a totally different website.
On the other hand, sub-directories benefit from the domain authority of the root domain thus ranking higher in most cases.
An easier way to create separate WordPress sites in both subdomain or subdirectory is by installing WordPress multisite network.
However, if you want to keep two websites managed separately, then you can install different instances of WordPress.
That being said, let’s take a look at how to install WordPress in a subdirectory.
Step 1. Create a Subdirectory under The Root Domain Name
First you need to create a subdirectory or folder under your root domain name. This is where you will install WordPress files.
Connect to your WordPress hosting account using a FTP client or File Manager in cPanel.
Once connected, go to the root folder of your website. Usually it is
the /public_html/ folder. If you already have WordPress installed in the
root folder, then you will see your WordPress files and folders there.
Next, you need to right click and select ‘Create new directory’ from the menu.
You need to be careful when choosing the name for your subdirectory.
This will be part of your new WordPress site’s URL and what your users
will type in their browsers to reach this website.
For example, if you name this directory travel-guides then your WordPress website’s address will be:
http://example.com/travel-guides/
Step 2. Upload WordPress Files
Your newly created subdirectory is empty at the moment. Let’s change that by uploading WordPress files.
First you need to visit WordPress.org website and click on the download button.
Your browser will now download the zip file containing the latest WordPress software to your computer.
After downloading the file, you need to select and extract it. Mac
users can double click the file to extract it and Windows users need to
right click and then select ‘Extract All’.
After extracting the zip file, you will see ‘wordpress’ folder containing all the WordPress files.
Now let’s upload these files to your new subdirectory.
Connect to your website using a FTP client and go to the subdirectory you created in the first step.
In the local files panel of your FTP client, go to to the WordPress folder you just extracted.
Select all files in the WordPress folder and then upload them to your new subdirectory.
Step 3. Create New Database
WordPress stores all your content in a database. You need to create a new database to use with your new WordPress site installed in a subdirectory.
First, you need to login to the cPanel dashboard of your WordPress hosting account. Click on ‘MySQL Databases’ under the databases section.
On the next screen, you need to provide a name for your new database and then click on ‘Create Database’ button to continue.
Your cPanel dashboard will now create the new MySQL database. In order to use this database you need to create a MySQL username.
Scroll down to MySQL Users section and provide a new username and password. Click on ‘Create User’ button to continue.
Next, you need to give this newly created user privileges to work on the database you created earlier.
Scroll down to ‘Add user to database’ section. Select your MySQL username and then select your newly created database.
Click on Add button to continue.
Cpanel will now grant the MySQL user full privileges on your newly created database.
Step 4. Install WordPress
Now that everything is in place, you can go ahead and install
WordPress. Simply visit the directory you created earlier in a web
browser by typing the URL like this:
http://example.com/your-subdirectory-name/
This will bring up the WordPress installation wizard. First you need
to select the language for your WordPress website and click on the
continue button.
Next, you will be asked to provide your WordPress database name,
database username, password, and host. Enter the database details and
click on the submit button.
WordPress will now connect to your database and you will see a success message like this:
Click on ‘Run the install’ button to continue.
On the next screen, you will be asked to provide a title for your
website and choose an admin username, password, and email address.
After entering your website details, click on ‘Run install’ button to continue.
WordPress will now set up your website and will show you a success message:
You can now go ahead and login to your new WordPress website installed in the subdirectory.
Step 5. Fix Permalinks
If you have a separate WordPress install in the root directory, then
the .htaccess files of your subdirectory will cause conflict. This will
result in 404 errors on your website.
To solve this, you need to edit the .htaccess file in your
subdirectory WordPress install. Replace the code inside your .htaccess
file with the following code:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
# BEGIN WordPress
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /your-subdirectory/
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /your-subdirectory/index.php [L]
# ENDWordPress
Don’t forget to replace /your-subdirectory/ with your own subdirectory name.
We hope this article helped you install WordPress in a subdirectory. You may also want to see our ultimate step by step WordPress SEO guide for beginners.
foo bar 12,300.50 foo bar 2,300.50 abc xyz 1,22,300.50
How do I replace all , from 3rd field using awk and pass output to bc -l in the following format to get sum of all numbers: 12300.50+2300.50+1,22,300.50
You can use gsub() funcion as follows. The syntax is:
For each substring matching the regular expression r in the string t, substitute the string s, and return the number of substitutions. If t is not supplied, use $0. An & in the replacement text is replaced with the text that was actually matched. Use \& to get a literal &.
You can also use the following syntax:
gensub(r, s, h [, t])
From the awk man page:
Search the target string t for matches of the regular expression r. If h is a string beginning with g or G, then replace all matches of r with s. Otherwise, h is a number indicating which match of r to replace. If t is not supplied, $0 is used instead. Within the replacement text s, the sequence \n, where n is a digit from 1 to 9, may be used to indicate just the text that matched the n’th parenthesized subexpression. The sequence \0 represents the entire matched text, as does the character &. Unlike sub() and gsub(), the modified string is returned as the result of the function, and the original target string is not changed.
Example
Create a data file cat /tmp/data.txt
foo bar 12,300.50
foo bar 2,300.50
abc xyz 1,22,300.50
Type the following awk command:
awk'{ gsub(",","",$3); print $3 }'/tmp/data.txt
Sample outputs:
12300.50
2300.50
122300.50
You can pass the output to any command or calculate sum of the fields:
If you make use of Linux in your data center, then you have good
reason to be on the lookout for a simple-to-use monitoring tool that can
give you a quick rundown of what's going on with your server. Within
the realm of Linux, tools like this are plentiful. So where do you start
in your quest to find that perfect tool? For me, day-to-day monitoring
of Linux servers begins with Nigel's Monitor, aka nmon.
The nmon tool will,
using a simple ncurses interface, display the usage for CPU, memory,
network, disks, file system, NFS, top processes, resources, and power
micro-partition. What's best is that you get to choose what nmon
displays. And since it's text-based, you can secure shell into your
servers and get a quick glimpse from anywhere (as long as "anywhere" has
access to said server).
Let's install nmon and see how it is used.
Installation
The
nmon application can be installed from your distribution's standard
repository. This means you should be able to install nmon without too
much fuss. For a distribution that uses apt (Debian, Ubuntu, etc.), do
the following:
Open up your terminal window
Issue the command sudo apt-get update
Install the software with the command sudo apt-get install nmon
Allow the installation to complete
If you're using a distribution that uses dnf (Redhat, Fedora, CentOS, etc.), the following steps will install nmon:
Open up your terminal window
Issue the command dnf install epel-release
Install nmon with the command dnf install nmon
Allow the installation to complete
You are now ready to make use of nmon.
Usage
Now that nmon is installed, you can fire it up by issuing the command nmon. In the nmon window (Figure A), you simply have to toggle the statistic(s) you want to view. Figure A
The nmon main window informs you of the keys used to toggle statistics on and off.
Say
you want to view information about disks. If you hit the d key on your
keyboard, nmon will display real-time statistics about any and all
attached disks (Figure B). Figure B
The nmon monitor displaying disk statistics.
Next
we'll add network and memory to the mix by hitting the n key followed
by the m key (on your keyboard). The resulting window will add those
real-time statistics to the mix (Figure C). Figure C
Adding statistics for network and memory to the monitoring window.
You
can toggle any of the added statistics off by hitting the associated
keyboard key (the same used to add). The tool also includes the ability
to increase and decrease the speed of updates. By hitting the - key on
your keyboard you will speed up the screen updates and, conversely, the +
key will slow them down.
To quit nmon, hit the q key and you will be returned to your bash prompt.
The
tool also includes the ability to capture information and save it to a
file. This can come in very handy if you need to monitor a system for a
set period of time and then review the collected data later. Say you
want to collect thirty rounds of information every 60 seconds. To do
this, you would issue the command:
nmon -f -s 60 -c 30
After issuing the above command you will find a file in the current working directory with the extension .nmon. Open that file to view the collected data.
Scheduling data collection
You
could even create a cron job to schedule a regular dump of
nmon-collected data (which could be handy for troubleshooting an
recurring issue). A simple solution for this would be to create a bash
script (we'll call it nmon.sh) that contained something like the following:
#! /bin/sh
nmon -f -s 60 -c 30
Save that file and give it executable permissions with the command chmod u+x nmon.sh. Now open crontab for editing with the command crontab -e and enter something like this:
30 11 * * * ~/nmon.sh
Save
and close crontab. The above cron job will run every day at 11:30 AM.
Modify that to fit your needs and you have an easy solution for
troubleshooting an issue occurring on your Linux data center machines.
After you have collected the .nmon file you can convert it to html by the tool called nmon-chart
